THE TREATY OF MEDINAH
Whoever from the tribe of Juhaina accepts Islam, says prayers, pays the Zakat, remains subservient to Allah and his Prophet (S.A.W.) and keeps on paying Khums out of the gains of war and declares his acceptance of Islam and keeps aloof from the infidels; he is in the protection of Allah and His Prophet (S.A.W.).
As regards the pawned property; of the payable loans, only the amount of the principal shall be payable, after (the debtor's) conversion to Islam. Interests on the pawned amount shall stand cancelled. As Zakat on fruit-one tenth of the produce, shall be payable. Whoever joins these people shall have the same rights and the same terms shall apply to him..
Note: When after sometime, most of the people
of the tribe accepted Islam, the Holy Prophet (S.A.W.) issued
an injunction to these people, mentioning their duties.
This writing is from Allah's Prophet Muhammad (S.A.W.). for Bani Dhamra.
Note: A number of such pacts were concluded with
the tribes living close to Bani Dhamra. Details could be seen
in the Tabar Ibne S'ad-vol, 3, p. 24. The following pact with
Bani Zur'a and Bani Rab'a of Juhaina is of the similar nature.
PACT OF BANU GHIFAR
Note: Bani Ghifar Tribe sent a delegation to the
Holy Prophet (S.A.W.) and offered to enter into a pact with him.
The offer was accepted by the Holy Prophet (S.A.W.) who had a
pact prepared. Before entering the fold of Islam, the people of
the tribe were highway men and were professional dacoits who looted
caravans and tribes. Abu Zar Ghifari (R.A.A.) the well-known companion
of the Prophet (S.A.W.) belonged to this tribe.
PACT OF BANI GHADAYA AND BANI URAIZ
The following pact was made with the Jews of Bani Ghadaya.
From Muhammad, Prophet of Allah-
To the Jews of Bani Ghadaya.
PACT OF NAJRAN
In the name of Allah, the Compassionate, the Merciful.
Note: Najran which was the biggest centre of Christianity
in Arabia is a district of north Yemen. There was a very splendid
Cathedral which the Christians regarded as their Kaaba. Large
estate attached to the Cathedrals was a source of big income.
When the people of Najran received the letter of the Holy Prophet
(S.A.W.), they sent a delegation to the Prophet (S.A.W.), which
studied the conditions and had discussions. The Holy Prophet (S.A.W.),
invited them to a Mubahila (Invocation of Allah's Curse an the
party which is in the wrong) and asked them to pray to Allah along
with their kith and kin, to send His Curse on the liars. The delegation
did not accept the challenge lest they should be destroyed and
agreed to conclude a pact.
Note: As in the present day, Taif was the summer resort of the wealthy Quraish. Being five thousand feet above sea level, its climate is cool and pleasant. In the past it was full of gardens and produced fruits and vegetables. The City of Taif, is now a big centre of trade and is a highly developed and modernised city.
Despite the fact that the Quraish knew that the Holy Prophet (S.A.W.) was extremely noble, truthful, honest, charitable and truth-worthy person, they treated him with contempt, malice and animosity, when he declared that he was Prophet of Allah. Day by day their attitude grew more and more hostile and bitter. When there was little hope of their listening to the voice of reason, the Holy Prophet (S.A.W.) went to Taif to preach Islam there. But unfortunately the people of Taif proved to be more callous, unreasonable and tyrannical.
In the city there lived wealthy and highly influential people. The Holy Prophet went to the three brothers named Abd ya lail, Mas'ood, and Habeeb, who belonged to the Omair tribe, which was the chief of all other tribes and invited them to accept Islam. What the three said was derogatory and humiliating to the extreme. One of them said, "If Allah has sent you as a Prophet, you are tearing the cover of Ka'ba". The second said, "Did not Allah get somebody else for prophethood except you?" The third said. "I cannot Talk to you. If you are true, it would be discourteous to talk to you. If you are a liar, you do not deserve to be talked to."'
Not content with this insulting behaviour, they roused the street urchins and rogues of Taif, to jeer and make fun of the Holy Prophet (S.A.W.). The result was that the rascals stood in line on both sides of the way. When the Holy prophet (S.A.W.) went that way, they pelted stones and rocks on him, till his shoes were smeared with blood. When due to blows and wounds, his strength gave way, he sat down; but the callous miscreants held him by the arms and made him stand up. When he would begin walking again they abuse him and clapped their hands. The Holy Prophet (S.A.W.) at last took refuge in a vineyard.
The Prophets (A.S.) were generally subjected to
such injuries and insults. Some of them prayed for Allah's curse.
Prophet Nooh's (A.S.) curse resulted in the destruction of a big
part of earth, by the Deluge. But the Holy Prophet (S.A.W.) was
sent for the good and benefit of the world, he could not even
think of such a curse. His companion on the jourey, Zaid (R.A.A.)
requested him to invoke the curse of Allah on such a bad lot of
people, but the Holy Prophet got piqued and said,. "Never!
I have been sent as a blessing for the world". Thereafter
he prayed, "oh Allah! Give guidance to my people and give
them a sense to differentiate between good and bad." But
the moral and physical pain which he under-went can be easily
gauged by the answer of the Holy Prophet to the query of Aisha
(R.A.) as to which was the hardest day of his life. He (S.A.W.)
referred to that day in Taif.
From Muhammad, Prophet of Allah-
To Akbar bin Abdul Qais
Note: A chieftain of Bahrain, named Akbar bin Qais went with a delegation of his clan to the Holy Prophet (S.A.W.) and stated that as their way was unsafe, they were not in a position to come to him easily. They, therefore, requested that they be taught religious matters with the help of which they could distinguish between right and wrong, so that they could take them to their clan. The Holy Prophet (S.A.W.) taught them about the Oneness of Allah, his prophethood, prayers, Zakat, fasts etc. He also gave them the above pact.
From Muhammad (S.A.W.) Prophet of Allah to Negus King of Ethiopia.
I praise Allah, except Whom there is none to be worshipped, who is the Ruler of the world. He is innocent and pure free from all blemishes, defects, flaws, or shortcomings). He gives refuge and sustains all.
I do admit that Isa (Jesus) (A.S.) son of Mariam (Mary), was the soul from Allah and His word (Order), he was infused to Mariam, who was clean and proof against evil. And Isa(A.S.) was born of Mariam. Allah created him from His soul and breath in the same manner as He created Adam(A.S.) with His own hand. I invite you towards Allah the One who has no associate. Believe in Him and join me in obedience to Him. Follow me and accept my prophethood because I am the Messenger of Allah. I have wished - you well in conveying the message of Allah in all sincerity. It is up you to accept my sympathetic advice. Extend the same invitation to your subjects. I am sending my cousin Jaffer (R.A.A.) with the other Muslims. When they reach you, treat them hospitably, by setting aside the vanity and pride of a ruler.
Peace be on him, who followed the right path.
Note: As mentioned earlier, after the Holy Prophet began to preach Islam, the Quraish became the bitterest enemies of Islam. In the beginning they taunted, teased and maltreated the Muslims. But by and by their opposition took the shape of tyranny. Their treatment of the Muslims, particularly of the poorer ones was so brutal, that they felt extremely unsafe in Mecca and feared annihilation at the hands of the Quraish. At that stage, (6th year before Hijri i.e. 614 A.D.) the Holy Prophet (S.A.W.) allowed the Muslims to temporarily migrate to Ethiopia, as he expected a good treatment by the King of Ethiopia. The Muslims began to migrate to the neighbouring country of Ethiopia. This continued till the famous Migration of the Holy Prophet, after which the migrants began to return to Medinah The last caravan returned from Ethiopia in 7th Hijra - about 629 A.D. when the second Caravan went to Ethiopia, the Holy Prophet (S.A.W.) addressed a letter to the King of Ethiopia.
The Quraish could not tolerate that the Muslims should live in peace even in Ethiopia. They sent a delegation to Negus and pointed out to him that the Muslims had a strange faith which was altogether new and requested that the Muslims should be sent back. The King concluded from the Muslims about their beliefs. On that occasion Jaffar (R.A.) made a very impressive speech, saying.
"They were an extremely ignorant and pagan nation who worshipped self-made idols. Debauchery, cruelty and eating the dead was their way of life, but Allah sent a Prophet (S.A.W.) who changed their lives altogether. He admonished them to worship Allah only and to regard Him as their Master. He preached to them always to be truthful; and not to misappropriate a trust, treat neighbours kindly, avoid bloodshed and all that Allah has prohibited. Worship Allah, the One observe fasts and pay Zakat. This was the crime, for which their countrymen forced them to leave their hearths and homes and they had to take refuge in Ethiopia."
The King of Ethiopia was highly moved by the speech and clearly announced that he would not allow such pious people to be tyrannised.
The Muslims, thereafter, always had a deep regard
for Ethiopia and never did they think of attacking that country.
They conquered big countries like Iran, but never touched the
neighbouring Ethiopia.
Received your letter. I know that you have ever been steeped in pride and arrogance against Allah the Supreme.
You have mentioned of an attack to be made on Medinah with a valiant army, which is bent on laying waste Medinah. Let it be clear to you that this depends on the Will of Allah! If He will so wish, He could deprive you of the power even to utter the names of Lat and Uzza. You are amazed that I did not know the ditch method(for defence). You should know that this method has been made known to me by Allah because your wrath and rage has reached such a point that you are bent on dilapidating Medinah.
You should know that far from your empty hopes being realised, time has now come when Lat and Uzza, Manat and Naela are shattered to pieces.
Note: When the Muslims, due to the unbearable oppression, migrated to Medinah, the Quraish started preparation to invade the City, so that the Muslims should not stay in peace. In the 2nd Hijri they invaded with one thousand strong army, whereas the Muslims numbered only 313. The combat took place at Badr. The Quraish incurred heavy losses and laid down arms. All their famous and brave leaders were killed. The second battle was fought at Uhud, in which the Muslims suffered heavily due to their not complying with the orders of the Holy Prophet (S.A.W.). The combat was, however, indecisive. In the 5th Hijri, the Quraish collected a huge army of 10 thousand, which included the Jews of Khyber also. This time they hoped to crush the Muslims in the very first attack. The Holy Prophet (S.A.W.) had trenches dug in the north of Medinah and thus cut off the route of the Quraish. The latter were totally upset to see the trenches. Abu Sufyan, who was highly enraged, wrote a threatening letter to the Holy Prophet(S.A.W.), in which he said that his big army would totally devastate Medinah. The above letter of the Holy Prophet(S.A.W.) was in reply thereto.
The Quraish besieged Medinah for several weeks, but
could not capture it. One day a strong and violent wind blew which
uprooted the tents of the Quriash. Their camels and horses ran
away, and their cauldrons upturned. The result was that the Quraish
were highly depressed and their courage gave way. The lost hope
of a victory and left the battle field during the night. This
was the last attack of the Qurasih on Medinah.
From Muhammad (S.A.W.) the Prophet of Allah to Negus, King of Ethiopia.
Peace be on him who follows the guidance. I praise Allah Who alone is to be worshipped. He is the Master of the entire universe. He is Sublime. Only He is the haven of peace and security. I testify that Isa (Jesus)son of Mariam (Mary) is the spirit of Allah and His word, which He communed to Mariam (Mary) the pious and thus she became the mother of Allah's Prophet Isa(A.S.).Thus Allah created him from His spirit and infused it into Mariam just as He made Adam (A.S.) with His powerful hand.
Now I invite you to accept the obedience, sympathy, and love of Allah Who is One and Who is without an associate. You should follow me and should believe in the message of Allah which I have brought.
I call you and your army towards Allah Who is worthy of all respect and esteem. I have thus discharged my duty of conveying His message and advice. You should accept it, May peace be on the followers of the guidance.
Note: As Negus continued to listen to the holy message,
he was being influenced by it. As soon as the holy text was over,
he kissed the letter with extreme fondness and placed it over
his head. He sent the following reply:
To Muhammad, Prophet of Allah. May peace be on him.
From As'hama. the Negus.
May peace be on you 0 Prophet of Allah! May blessings and favours of Allah be on you. Allah, except Whom there is none worthy of worship, Who has shown me the way of Islam and has guided me.
O Prophet of Allah ! I had the honour of seeing your esteemed letter. Whatever you have written about Isa Jesus (A.S.) I swear by the Allah, Lord of earth and Heaven, that Isa (A.S.) is nothing more than that. I have well understood all these things which you have conveyed to me. Your cousin and his companions are my close companions.
I bear evidence that you are a true Prophet of Allah.
I have taken bai'at (oath of allegiance to Allah and His Prophet)
at the hand of your cousin, for the sake of Allah and have become
a slave of Islam. O Allah's Prophet! I send my son Arha to you.
If you will so order, I will present myself to you. May peace
and blessings of Allah be on you.
May peace be on you. You treated us nicely. We have complete trust in you. The thing, we had hoped from you, has been realized and are safe and sound from the thing, we had feared. There is no capability (to do a thing) except from Allah.
Note: The main object in sending the letter was to
call back the refugees to Medinah. The Negus is stated have kept
the holy letters in an ivory casket and said that as long as the
holy letters were there, the people of Ethiopia should be safe
and secure.
From Muhammad, who is the servant of Allah and His Prophet to Heracles Caesar.
Peace be on him, who follows the right path.
After this, I invite you to the fold of Islam. Therefore, if you desire security, accept Islam. If you accept Islam, Allah shall reward you doubly and if you refuse to do so, the responsibility for the transgression of the entire nation, shall be yours.
O people of the Book! Leaving aside all matters of differences and disputes, agree on a thing, which is equally incontrovertible both as you and we are concerned and it is that we should not worship any one else with Him, nor regard any one else except Allah as our Sustainer.
If you deny this, you must know that we believe in Oneness of Allah, in all circumstances.
Note: Just as in our time, there are two most powerful States which call themselves 'Super' powers; in the time of the Holy Prophet (S.A.W.) there were two most powerful States: One was Iran and the other Rome or Byzantium or Constantinople. The former was the biggest state of Asia and a cradle of a great civilisation. It was towards the east of Arabia. Towards the north west was the Roman Empire. The two States were contiguous. Rome is at present the Capital of Italy. The Arabs called Byzantium by the name of Rome.
Some years back when this letter was sent, the Iranians attacked Syria and defeated the Romans. There is a reference to it in the Quran. The Romans, in order to avenge themselves, made big preparations and defeated the Iranians. Although the Iranians were at that time very powerful and the Romans did seem to have a chance of a victory against them, the Quran prophesied a clear triumph for the Romans. Heracles came to Jerusalem in token of his gratefulness, It was here that he received the letter of the Holy Prophet(S.A.W.). He ordered that somebody from Arabia, should be presented before him. Per chance Abu Sufyan was staying at Ghaza with his merchandise. The men of Caesar brought him from Ghaza.
Caesar held a grand court. He donned a Crown and sat on his throne. Then addressing the Arabs, he enquired as to who was the relative of the person who claimed himself to be a Prophet. Abu Sufyan said that he was related to the Holy Prophet (S.A.W.). The following dialogue then took place:
Caesar: To what sort of family does the Claimant to Prophethood belong?
Abu Sufyan: Is noble.
Caesar: Did some one else in the family claim Prophethood?
Abu Sufyan: No.
Caesar: Did someone from the family happen to be a King?
Abu Sufyan: No.
Caesar: Are the people who have accepted this religion, poor or influential?
Abu Sufyan: They are poor people.
Caesar: Are his followers growing in number or decreasing?
Abu Sufyan: They are growing.
Caesar: Have you ever experienced an untruthfulness from him?
Abu Sufyan: No.
Caesar: Does he ever break a promise or agreement?
Abu Sufyan: Thus far he has never done it. But it is to be seen if he adheres to the new peace pact which has been oncluded.
Caesar: Have you ever fought a battle against him?
Abu Sufyan: Yes.
Caesar: What was the result of the battle?
Abu Sufyan: Sometime we were victorious and sometime he was successful.
Caesar: What does he teach?
Abu Sufyan: He says, "Worship One God-Allah. Associate none else with Allah. Say prayers. Take to piety. Speak the truth. Treat relatives with kindness.
After this dialogue Caesar remarked that the Prophets always belonged to noble families. Further he said that as nobody else from the family of the Holy Prophet (S.A.W.) laid claim to Prophethood, it was, therefore, clear that there was no hereditary influence involved in his claim to Prophethood. Similarly absence of any king in the family, proved that the Holy Prophet was not prompted by a desire of kingship. As He never spoke a lie, he could hardly be expected to lie about Allah. Caesar further observed that the followers of the Prophets, in the beginning, are poor and that a true religion goes on making progress. Also Prophets never cheat anybody. As he preached piety, cleanliness and worship of Allah alone, he should one day be a master of the place, he (Caesar) was occupying. Thereafter Caesar ordered that the letter of Holy Prophet (S.A.W.) be read.
The dialogue of Caesar, with Abu Sufyan, highly enraged the courtiers. The Caesar, therefore, sent away the Arabs from the court. The love of crown and throne and the opposition of the courtiers, however, did not allow Caesar to accept Islam. But his searching questions and his talk clearly show that he was convinced of the truthfulness of Islam, as he had correctly judged that a person who never in his life, uttered even a trifling lie, could hardly say anything wrong about Allah. He was also certain that worldly riches, splendour and ascendancy were not the aims and objects of the Holy Prophet (S.A.W.), but the communication of he message of Islam to the entire world, was his mission.
When Caesar was about to return to Constantinople, he again advised his courtiers to follow the Holy Prophet (S.A.W.) as he was the one, they were awaiting. He further mentioned that their books contained the description of the Holy Prophet, Muhammad (S.A.W.), and these clearly and unequivocally indicate that he was the true Prophet of Allah. It was, therefore, in their own interest to follow the guidance given by the Holy Prophet (S.A.W.).
The courtiers, however, said that it would mean
their acceptance of the over lordship of the Arabs, although their's
was the biggest kingdom of the world and their nation the greatest
nation of the world. Caesar, thereon, said that although they
were not prepared to accept Islam then very shortly they would
be overpowered by the Arabs. He was much displeased by the arrogant
attitude of the courtiers and immediately left Syria. While departing
he looked at the Syrian territory and said that he was leaving
Syria for ever. And it was true, he was never to return to Syria.'
LETTER TO KHUSRO PERWEZ, EMPEROR OF FARS
May peace be on him who follows the guidance, believes in Allah and his Prophet. I testify that there:is none worthy of worship except Allah, who is alone and without an associate and Muhammad is His Servant and Prophet. Allah has made me a Prophet and sent me for the entire world, in order that I may infuse the fear of Allah in every living person. Accept Islam and be secure. If you refuse, the sins of all the Zoroastrians shall be your responsibility.
Note: The shock which his false pride received
and his rage at being thus addressed have been mentioned in some
detail elsewhere.
From Muhammad, Prophet of Allah, to Hurmuz I invite you towards Islam. Accept Islam in order that you may get security in this world and the next.
Note: The Holy Prophet (S.A.W.) while addressing
a letter to Khusro Perwez, had also sent a letter to Hurmuz, who
belonged to the Iranian royal family and was the maternal uncle
of Sheroya. Although at that time he did not pay heed to the Holy
letter, subsequently he embraced Islam.
From Muhammad Servant of Allah and His Prophet
To Muqawqis, Vicegerent of Egypt
Peace be on him who has taken the right course. Thereafter, I invite you to accept Islam. Therefore, if you want security, accept Islam. If you accept Islam, Allah, the Sublime, shall reward you doubly. But if you refuse to do so, responsibility for the transgression of the entire nation shall be yours.
0 people of the Book! leaving aside all matters of difference and dispute, agree on a matter which is equally consistent between you and us and it is that we should not worship anyone except Allah and that we should neither associate anyone with Him, nor make anyone else as our god.
If you refuse it, you must know that we, in all circumstances, believe in Oneness of Allah.
Note: Muqawqis who was appointed as vicegerent of Egypt by the Roman Empire. He was a great scholar of his religion. Egypt had always been a great centre of civilisation and made great advances in various branches of art and astrology. It was also a commercial link between East and West. But like Iran, Egypt had also become morally depraved.
Muqawqis was highly affected by the sincerity
of the letter and he remarked that it was the time that the awaited
Prophet appeared, but that he was under the impression that he
would be born in Syria. He further observed that from Torah and
Bible, he had come to know that the Prophet would not eat of charity,
but would accept presents and that the poor and indigent would
be his companions. He ordered that the Holy letter should be placed
in an ivory casket which should be preserved safely in the government
treasury. He sent the following reply to the Holy Prophet (S.A.W.).
"I read your letter and understood what you have written. I know that the coming of a Prophet is still due. But I thought, he would be born in Syria-I have treated your messenger with respect and honour. I am sending two maids for you as presents. These maids belong to a very respectable family amongst us. In addition I send for you clothes and a duldul (steed) for riding. May Allah bestow security on you.'"
Note: Just as Caesar could not benefit from the light of Islam; power and lust pulled him back from availing himself of the blessings of Islam. The gifts sent by Muqawqis were accepted by the Holy Prophet (S.A.W.).
The letter which was placed in an ivory casket by Muqawqis,
The letter which was placed in an ivory casket by Muqawqis, found its way into the Christian monastery of Akheem in Egypt. There a recluse pasted it on his Bible. The letter was written on a parchment. From there a French orientalist obtained it and sold it to Sultan Abdul Majeed Khan of Turkey, for a consideration of 300 Pounds. The Sultan had the Holy letter fixed in a golden frame and had it preserved in the treasury of the royal palace, along with other sacred relics.
High Muslim scholars have affirmed that the Holy letter was written by as high and sacred a personality as Abu Bakr Siddiq (R.A.A.).
Muqawqis, like Caesar, too had a dialogue with Mugheera bin Sh'oba, an exalted companion of the Holy Prophet (S.A.W.). Mugheera (R.A.A.) said: "Once I went to the court of Muqawqis, who enquired of me, about the family of the Holy Prophet (S.A.W.). I informed him that he belonged to a high and noble family. Muqawqis remarked that Prophets always belong to noble families. Then he asked if I had an experience of the truthfulness of the Prophet (S.A.W.). I told that he always spoke the truth. Therefore, in spite of our opposition to him, we call him Ameen (truthworthy). Muqawqis observed that a man who did not speak lies to men, how could he speak a lie about Allah? Then he enquired what sort of people were his followers and what did the Jews think of him. I replied that his followers were mostly poor, but the Jews were his bitter enemies. Muqawqis stated that the followers of the Prophets in the beginning are usually poor, and that he must be a , Prophet of Allah. He further stated that the Jews opposed him out of envy and jealousy, otherwise they must have been certain of his, truthfulness and that they too awaited a Prophet. The Messiah
(A.S.) also preached that following and submitting to the Holy Prophet (S.A.W.) was essential and that whatever qualities of his had been mentioned, the same were the qualities of the earlier Prophets.
Mugheera (R.A.A.) was highly impressed by the dialogue. On his return from Egypt, he happened to meet a great Christian scholar, from whom he enquired if he awaited a Prophet, and if so, what qualities of his were mentioned in Torah and Bible? The Christian scholar informed him in detail that indeed they awaited a Prophet, and he would be the last Prophet. Messiah (A.S.) preached to them that when that Prophet appeared, they would follow him. He further preached that the Prophet would be illiterate and an Arab and his name would be Ahmad and his features and characteristics would be as follows:
"Middling height; big eyes with red capillaries showing in them, his complexion would be red and white. He would use coarse clothes and eat ordinary food. He would not be afraid of the greatest power; whoever would fight against him, he would face him. His companions would be prepared to sacrifice their lives at his slightest indication, and would regard him dearer than their own offsprings, mothers, fathers and brothers. From one harem he would stay in another Harem whose land would be rocky and where date-palms would be growing in abundance. His faith would be that of Ibrahim (A.S.)! He shall not adopt the way of the arrogant. His Prophethood shall be for all. The entire earth shall be his prayer Carpet".
Mugheera wa so moved by talks that he went to
the Holy Prophet (S.A.W.) and accepted Islam.
From Muhammad, Prophet of Allah-
To Hauza bin Ali
May peace be on him who follows the guidance. It may be clarified that my deen (faith) shall reach the boundaries of the entire Arabia and Iran and shall prevail. Therefore you should accept Islam. There in lies security.
I have nothing to do with your country. It shall, as before, remain under your jurisdiction.'
Seal: Allah's Prophet Muhammad
'The deen (faith) towards which you invite me, is very good. I am a famous orator and poet. Therefore the Arabs highly respect me. If you include me in your government, I am prepared to follow you".
Note: The Holy Prophet did not accept the demand of Hauza. He usually refused such peremptory demands and would say that the matter was in the control of Allah, who gave His land to whoever he wanted.
A Christian scholar had advised Hauza to accept Islam
and told him that the Arab Prophet (S.A.W.) would not have deprived
him of his lands. He had informed him that Isa (Jesus, A.S.) had
given the good news in the Bible, that a Prophet would come. Hauza,
however, could not overcome the fear of losing his country and
did not accept Islam.
From Muhammad, Prophet of Allah-
To Haris Bin Abi Shimr
Peace be on him who follows the right path, believes in it and regards it as true.
I invite you to believe in One Allah, who has no associate. Your country would remain with you.'
Seal: Allah's Prophet Muhammad
Note: Haris, the King of Syria, belonged to Ghassani family of Arabia, which had settled in Syria towards the end of the 2nd century A.D. and by and by established its rule over the country.
Shuja (R.A.A.) had the honour of taking the letter to Haris, happened to meet Muree, a courtier of the King. Muree enquired of Shuja, about the Holy Prophet (S.A.W.) and was highly moved by the account of the Holy Prophet. He remarked that exactly the same account of the Holy Prophet (S.A.W.) was to be found in the Bible. He, therefore, accepted Islam but warned Shuja, not to mention his acceptance of Islam to any body.
Muree mentioned Shuja to the King, who called
Shuja to his court and had the letter read. He was highly infuriated
after listening to the letter and said, "who dares even look
towards my country"? He ordered his army to make preparations.
On his return, Haris gave an account of his meeting to the Holy
Prophet (S.A.W.) who said, "In his arrogance of kingship,
he has declined to accept Islam, but his rule shall not last".
Under the leadership of Caesar, Haris started war against Islam,
soon after the victory of Mecca, but ultimately the Ghassani rule
was effaced from Syria in the 14th Hijra i.e. 625
A.D.
From Muhammad, Prophet of Allah-
To Munzir bin Sawa
May peace be on you! I praise Allah, Who is One and there none to be worshipped but except Him. I bear evidence to the Oneness of Allah and that I am a servant of Allah and His Prophet.
Thereafter I remind you of Allah. Whoever accepts admonition, does it for his own good.
Whoever followed my messengers and acted in accordance their guidance; he, in fact, accepted my advice.
My messengers have highly praised your behaviour. You shall continue in your present office. You should remain faithful to and His Prophet.
I accept your recommendation regarding the people of Bahrain. I forgive the offences of the offenders. Therefore, you may also forgive them.
Of the people of Bahrain whoever want to continue in their Jewish or Majusi faith, should be made to pay Jizia.'
The above letter was written in reply to the following letter Munzir Bin Sawa:
11.(a) "Allah's Prophet! I received your injunctions. Prior to this, I have also seen the letter, you wrote to the people of Bahrain, extending to them an invitation to Islam. I accept Islam out of my own will.
Some of the people of Bahrain like Islam and entered the Islamic fold, while others continue in their old faith. In my country, there live Zoroastrians and Jews. You may inform me of the treatment which is to be extended to them".'
It may be mentioned here that Bahrain was under the
jurisdiction of Iran in the 6th Century A.D. Munzir
bin Sawa was the Iranian Governor of Bahrain. The latter received
the message of Islam and accepted it.
Peace be on you. I am sending Abu Huraira and Qudama (R.A.A.) to you. You may hand over to them, whatever amount of Ush'r, Zakat and Jiziya, you have collected in your area.
LETTER TO JAIFER AND 'ABD, RULERS OF OMAN
From Muhammad, Prophet of Allah-
To Jaifer and Abd.
Peace be on him who adopts the right course. There-after, I invite both of you to Islam. Embrace Islam. Therein lies security! Allah has sent me as a Prophet to his creatures, in order that I may instil fear of Allah in His disobedient creatures and thus there may be left no excuse for those who deny Allah.
My prophethood is about to reach your country. If you two accept Islam, your country will, as usual, remain with you. But if you refuse or object, it is a perishable thing.
Note: Jaifer and 'Abd accepted Islam after a slight hesitation and said that the Prophet (S.A.W.), himself acted before ordering others to act and before prohibiting others from a thing, himself abstained from it. They further observed that if he attained victory, he was not proud; and overpowered, he did not deflect from his objective. They further said that the Prophet always fulfilled promises. They testified that he was the Prophet of Allah.
From Muhammad, Prophet of Allah -
To Negus, King of Ethiopia.
His Prophet (S.A.W.).
I bear witness that there is none to be worshipped except Allah. No one is His associate or partner. He does not stand in need of a wife or children. And I affirm that I am his servant and his Prophet.
I invite you to believe in Allah who is One. If you want security, accept Islam.
O people of the Book! Ignore all matters of difference and dispute, and agree to a thing to which you and we are equally committed, and it is that we should not worship anyone except Allah. And neither should we associate anyone else with Him nor should we regard anyone else as our Sustainer. If they object to it, tell them, "you will bear witness that we believe in Allah."'
If you will not accept these, the responsibility of the transgression of your Christian people shall be yours.
The Negus did not accept Islam. He also did not
send a reply to the letter.
From Muhammad, Prophet of Allah--,
To Haris, etc.
May peace be on you, till you believe in Allah and His Prophet
Undoubtedly Allah is He Who is unique and Who has no associate. he sent Musa (Moses,A.S.) with miracles and created Isa (Jesus, A.S.) by His word. But the Jews say that "Uzair is son of Allah" and the Christians say that Isa (A.S.) is son of Allah and is one out of the three".
Note: The Kings of Himyar after listening to the
letter, gladly accepted Islam, sent a delegation to the Holy Prophet
(S.A.W.) to communicate the news of their acceptance of Islam.
The Himyar dynasty ruled over the southern part of Yemen, in the
time of the Holy Prophet (S.A.W.). Yemen then comprised the south
Western portion of Arabia and its area was over 127 thousand square
miles. The two brothers whom the Holy Prophet(S.A.W.) addressed
a letter also ruled over parts of Yemen.
'The Holy Prophet expressed his deep sense of joy at the acceptance of Islam by the Kings of Himyar and communicated to them injunctions about Zakat and Jizia in the letter that follows:
In the name of Allah, the Compassionate, the Merciful.
From Muhammad, Prophet of Allah,
To Kings of Himyar
May peace be on you. I praise Allah, except Whom there is none to be worshipped.
Your messengers reached here at the time of my return from Room (Byzantium). They delivered your message; related details of your war against the infidels and conditions existing there. Allah has honoured you with His guidance. You should make the obedience of Allah and His Prophet obligatory on you.
Keep saying prayers, paying Zakat and fifth of the benefits gained in religious wars, for Allah and His Prophet.
Allah has fixed the payment of charity money on landed property and it is Ushr (One tenth of the produce in rainfed; and canal irrigated lands and in the case of well-irrigated lands, it is at the rate of half Ushr(One twentieth). As Zakat per 40 camels one she-camel; per 30 camels, one young camel; per 5 camels a goat and per 10 camels two goats, be given.
A young goat per 40 sheep, and goats. This is the rate of Zakat on cattle.
This rate of Zakat has been made obligatory on the Muslims. Whoever gives more than this, it is a source of more Sawa Recompense) for him.
But whoever pays the fixed amount; and proclaims his (acceptance of) Islam and helps the Muslims against infidels is a Muslim. Similarly all the duties and responsibilities of the Muslims shall be applicable to him.
For the fulfilment of this promise, I give the guarantee of Allah and His Prophet.
If a Jew or a Christian embraces Islam, he shall be treated in the same manner. Whoever wishes to continue in Jewish or Christian religion, shall not be forced to change his religion, but he shall have to pay Jiziya, the rate of which for each adult is one dinar, or its equivalent in value, cloth of the same value. Whoever shall pay this amount to the Prophet of Allah (S.A.W.), the responsibility for his protection shall be that of Allah and His Prophet. Whoever refuses Jiziya, shall be regarded as an enemy of Allah and His Prophet.'
LETTER TO FARWAH, GOVERNOR OF M'AAN
From Muhammad, Prophet of Allah-
To Farwah bin 'Amar
Your messenger came to me and delivered the presents you sent me, gave me an account of yourself and conveyed to me the good news of your acceptance of Islam.
Allah as honored you with His guidance. If you continue to remain obedient to Allah and His Prophet and remain faithful to them, keep saying prayers and paying Zakat, it is the greatest blessing of Allah; and take it that Allah has blessed you with His guidance.
Note: Farwah had been appointed as Governor of
M'aan by the Byzantine government. M'aan which now forms part
of Jordan, is situated towards the Northwest of Arabia. When Caesar
came to know of the acceptance of Islam by Farwah, he reprimanded
him and ordered him to give up his new faith, otherwise he threatened
to remove him from his office. But Farwah boldly refused. Thereon
Caesar imprisoned him, but seeing that even the hardships of the
prison could not deflect him resolution, he ordered that Farwah
should be put to death. His last words were "Convey the message
to the Holy Prophet(peace be on him), that even my bones remained
subservient to Allah"
This writing from the side of Allah the Great and His Prophet, is given to 'Amr bin Hazm Ansari and has been written at the time of his deputation to Yemen.
"Allah, the Sublime has said,
I impress on him that in every matter, he should fear Allah, for "Allah is with those, who fear Him, and take to virtue". I have admonished 'Amr bin Hazm (R.A.A.) to receive the due to Allah, according to His order. Treat the people with kindness and order them to do good deeds. Teach them the Holy Qur'an and make them understand the fundamentals of Islam. Only he who is clean, should touch the Qur'an. The people should be prohibited from evils. They should be made aware of their rights and duties. In ordering them to do good deeds, the people should be treated politely. But there should be no hesitation in taking to task the one who is guilty of oppression and outrage, as Allah, the Sublime does not like cruelty. He has strictly prohibited tyranny. Allah sends curses on tyrants.
People should be informed of the actions and ways which lead to Paradise and warned of the actions which take a person to Hell.
All the people should be treated nicely, in order that they get to understand the elements of the faith adequately.
The tenets of Hajj should also be told in detail in Farz. (essentially and obligatory) and Sunnat (what is lesser essential, but was done by the Holy Prophet (S.A.W.) should be clearly described. All the commands of-Allah in respect of Hajj and Umra should be made known to the people.
People should be prohibited from saying prayers in such clothes, as do not cover the body and during the prayer there is a risk of the private parts being exposed. The instructions in respect of Wudu (ablution) should be fully explained. It is ordered that the prayers should be offered at the fixed times and it is directed that the Ruku (bowing before Allah during the prayer) should be completely performed. And during the prayers, there should be Riqqat(tendency to repent and weep). The Fajr(morning) prayers should be said early in the morning (much before sunrise). The Zuh'r(early afternoon) prayer should be offered after the sun pasts its zenith and begins to decline. The 'Asr (late afternoon) prayer offered after the shadow gets oblique. Maghrib (evening) prayer should be offered immediately after the sunset, and should not be delayed till the stars appear in the sky. Isha(night) prayer should be said in the first part of night.
Regarding Friday prayers, it is ordered that when there is Azaan (call for prayers), one should immediately leave to say the prayers and before leaving for the Friday prayers, bath taken.
From the goods gained in religious wars, Khums (fifth party) be paid, in the way of Allah. From the produce of land of every Muslim, a quantity equal to Ush'r(one tenth)should be charged by should be charged half of Ush'r (one twentieth).
As for cattle, two goats be taken per 10 camels and four goats per 20 camels. One cow per 40 cows and one calf per 30 cows and one goat per 40 goats.
This rate has been made obligatory on the Muslims, as Zakat, by Allah. Whoever pays more, shall deserve greater recompense.
People should not call one another for help in war, in the name of their tribe and family. A person should be helped only for the sake of Allah the One. And whoever invites people to war in the name of tribe or family only instead of Allah, such a rioter should be put to an end.
Invitation to war is only for Allah who is One. If any Jew or Christian embraces Islam of his own free will and with a sincere heart and accepts the way of Allah, he is a Muslim. His rights and duties shall be the same as those of other Muslims.
And whoever continues to adhere to his Jewish or Christian religion, should never be compelled to change his religion. But for each adult of them, a dinar should be levied, which shall be received; annually in cash or kind. Cloth of this value can also be accepted.
Whoever refuses to pay this amount, should be regarded as an enemy of Allah, His Prophet and all the Muslims.
Note: 'Amr(R.A.A.)not only preserved this document,
but also collected the other letters of the Holy Prophet (S.A.W.)
sent to the different clans, particularly of Jews, Christians
and had them bound into a volume. This subsequently served as
an authentic source of information, particularly reg. Zakat, Charities,
rights of the Muslims and non-Muslims, their duties, etc.
From Muhammad, Prophet of Allah-
To Ukaidir and people of Duma.
Now that they have embraced Islam and given up idol worship.
The lands of the ponds of Duma, non-agricultural lands, un-owned and nazool(state property) lands, armours and parts, shall be for us.
All rivers, springs, cultivated lands, trees, grass, etc., shall be the property of the people of Duma.
Zakat shall not be levied on cattle, except those which graze in meadows. Unaccounted for cattle, shall not be included in Zakat.
Prayers shall be offered on time, and Zakat paid honestly. faithfulness is assured from our side to which Allah and all the Muslims present, bear witness.
Note: Dumatul Jandal, at present known as Jauf,
a big caravan centre, is situated half way between Syria and Medinah.
Kanana, a clan of Arabia lived there. Although the clan was Arab,
it had accepted Christianity under the influence of the Roman
Empire. Caesar had appointed Ukaidir as the ruler of Duma, on
his behalf. Ukaidir embraced Islam gladly and voluntarily.
Peace be on him, who believes in Allah. I am of the faith that Isa (Jesus A.S.) son of Mariam (Mary) was the spirit of Allah and His word! Allah infused him in the pious Mariam.
I believe in Allah, all His Books and His Commands which he sent to Me and which He sent to Ibrahim, Ismail, Ishaq and Yaqub (A.S.) and their descendants. I also believe in what was given to Musa and Isa (A.S.) and other prophets by Allah! In faith and belief, we do not differentiate in accepting any of the prophets. We are Muslims (meaning obedient to Allah) Peace be on him who follows the guidance.'
Note: Along with the letter to Caesar, the Holy
Prophet (S.A.W.) had also sent a letter to the Pope. The latter
testified to his Prophethood and observed, "No doubt, he
is a true Prophet". Thereafter he addressed a congregation
in the cathedral and informed the people that he had received
a letter from the Arabian Prophet Ahmad (S.A.W.) who had invited
them to accept the true faith of Allah, the One. He then testified
that there is no god save Allah and that Ahmad (S.A.W.) was the
servant and prophet of Allah. The people were highly infuriated
to hear this truthful declaration and they beat him so much that
he died.
From Muhammad, the Prophet of Allah who is like Moosa (Moses A.S.) a prophet and messenger and he testifies to what Moosa (A.S.) had brought.
0 people of Torah, has Allah not stated in the Torah that "Muhammad (S.A.W.) is a Prophet of Allah. The people who will be with him, shall be harsh towards the enemies of Allah. And amongst themselves, they shall be kind and loving. They shall bow and prostrate before Allah. And they shall seek His bounty and goodwill".
I ask you to swear by Allah, who sent Torah for you and who made your forefathers eat 'mann, and 'Salva' and dried sea for them and rid them of the tyranny of pharaoh. It is not written in Torah that you should believe in me?
After the explanation about me in the Torah, do guidance and transgression become apparent?
Therefore I invite you towards Allah and His Prophet.'
Seal: Allah's Prophet Muhammad
Note: The Jews and Christians knew well that a
prophet would come and they were awaiting his appearance. The
Holy Prophet (S.A.W.) was absolutely certain of the prophesy about
him in the Torah.
From Muhammad, Prophet of Allah-
To Budail bin Waraqa, etc.
I praise Allah except whom there is no god.
Thereafter, you should know that the people of Tihama are the dearest to me and in relationship are the nearest to me. Whatever I like myself, I like for the one who migrates from amongst you, although he may migrate to a place in his own region. I shall deserve the same treatment as the people of Tihama.
I value the people of Tihama and nothing would be done from my side, as is not in accordance with their dignity.
At the time of my treaty with the tribes of Arabia, your people should feel secure.
Alqama son of Ulasa and Houza's two sons have already embraced Islam and both of them have migrated, and have taken bai'at(vow) on the same terms as the people of Ikrama have done. We are all equal as regards Halal permissible) and Haram (forbidden) By Allah, I do not say anything incorrect to you. Allah shall certainly love you.
Note: Abdul Muttalib, the grandfather of the Holy Prophet (S.A.W.) had entered into a treaty with the Khuza'a tribe to help each other and descendants of each other. The tribe, therefore, always helped the Holy Prophet (S.A.W.) The tribe informed the Holy Prophet (S.A.W.) of the invasion by the Quraish and the Jews, on Medinah.
The tribe lived in the Tihama Valley lying towards
the South Mecca, along the Red Sea and the Serat Mountain. Aslam
was a branch of this tribe. Its people presented themselves to
the Holy Prophet (S.A.W.) and accepted Islam. The Prophet wrote
the to the tribe.
LETTER TO THE PEOPLE OF TIHAMA RANGE
From Muhammad, Prophet of Allah
To the free people of Allah
All those who believe in Allah, offer prayers, and pay Zakat are free from bondage. Muhammad (S.A.W.) is their ruler. They shall not be sent back, except to their own tribes and they shall not be answerable for their past crimes. The people from whom their debt is due, shall be made to pay it.
These people shall not be subjected to any oppression or outrage. Whoever embraces Islam, shall be the responsibility of Allah and Prophet Muhammad (S.A.W.) in all the matters mentioned above.
May peace be on you.'
Note: As mentioned earlier, Tihama is a long valley lying between the Red Sea and Serat Hill. In the mountain range of Tihama lived people belonging to a number of Arabian tribes. They had no regular occupation or calling, but resorted to looting and waylaying. They sent a delegation to the Holy Prophet (S.A.W.) who assured them that their past crimes would be condoned and their slaves would be free.
The cultivated lands in the possession of Khalid bin Zimadul-Azdi at the time of embracing Islam, shall remain his property, provided he believes in Allah, Who does not have an associate, testifies that Muhammad is His servant and Prophet; says prayers, Zakat, keep fasts of the month of Ramazan and performs Hajj introduces new things in religion, nor doubts the righteousness of Islam; shall remain faithful to Allah and His Prophet; befriend friends of Allah and is hostile to His enemies.
It is obligatory on Prophet Muhammad (S.A.W.) to guard then just as he guards his life and property and that of his kith and kin.
Allah and His Prophet are responsible for Khalid-ul-Azdi, provided there is no disloyalty on his part.'
Note: Prior to the advent of Islam, Khalid's father
Zimad-ul-Azdi, who belonged to Yemen, practised medicine and surgery.
During the course of the Prophethood of the Holy Prophet (S.A.W.)
he happened to visit Mecca and saw a crowd of street urchins following
the Holy Prophet (S.A.W.) and calling him;Majnoon(mad). Zimad,
thereafter, went to the Holy Prophet (S.A.W.) and informed him
that he could cure madness. The Holy Prophet (S.A.W.) spoke a
few impressive sentences in praise of Allah, which impressed Zimad
to such a degree that he embraced Islam immediately. The Holy
Prophet (S.A.W.) wrote the above letter to Khalid.
May peace be on you. I praise Allah who is one and there is no associate of His.
I invite you to believe in Allah, the One. Obey Allah, and enter the fold of Islam. This is the best way for you, and security is for him who follows the straight course.
LETTER TO USAIBUKHT BIN ABDULLAH, CHIEF OF HAJAR
From Muhammad, Prophet of Allah
To Usaibukht Bin Abdullah, Chief of Hajar.
Aq'r'a brought your letter and made a recommendation on of your tribe. I have accepted his recommendation. I convey you the good news that I agree to what you have asked for and you have demanded, in accordance with your wishes. but to it seems reasonable that you explain your demands.
If you come here, you will be honoured. Even if you are to come, there is respect for you in my heart.
Although I do not seek any present, but if you want to send me a present, I shall gladly accept it.
My workers have spoken of high and esteemed level of your rank. I exhort you to give full regard to prayers, Zakat and relationship with the Muslims.
I have proposed the name of Banu Abdullah for your community. You should order your people to say prayers and do good deeds and obtain for yourself the happy news.
May peace be on you and your community of believers.
Note: Usaibukht also called Sehbukht, was the Chieftain
of Hajar which was, at one time, a big city and is a part of the
Arabian province of Al-Hisa and is situated on the Persian Gulf.
Usaibukht gladly embraced Islam. The Holy Prophet (S.A.W.) also
addressed the following letter to Banu Abdullah.
I admonish your people to remain devoted to Allah
and not to got astray after receiving guidance and not to lean
towards. deviation after accepting the right course.
Your delegation has come to me. I have treated it in the manner which pleased it.
I did not consider it proper to oust you from Hajar. I have accepted the request of your delegation. You should remember the munificence with which Allah has blessed you. I have come to know whatever you people have done. Whoever, from amongst you, will remain faithful, shall not be implicated in the crimes of rioting of others.
When my messengers reach you, do help them in the work of Allah. Whoever from amongst you will perform a virtuous act, his good action will not be overlooked either by Allah, or by me.
Security is for him who follows the right path.
After the conquest of Mecca, the Holy Prophet (S.A.W.) addressed letters which follow, to a number of tribes, many of whom had already accepted Islam.
To Nahshall bin Maalik and the people of Bani Va'il, who have already accepted Islam.
All the people should keep on saying prayers; paying Zakat; obeying Allah and His Prophet and paying one fifth out of the benefits of holy wars for Allah and His Prophet. Keep on proclaiming acceptance of Islam; and staying away from the infidels. All such people are in the protection and trust of Allah, and Muhammad (S.A.W.) who are responsible for saving them from every kind of oppression and excesses.
Neither shall these people be exiled, nor Ush'r (One tenth) charged from their produce. Their ruler shall be from amongst them.'
From Muhammad, Prophet of Allah
To Rifa'a Bin Zaid.
I am sending Rifa'a to his community. He will extend the invitation of' Allah and His Prophet to his community.
Whoever will accept his invitation, shall be taken as belonging to the organisation of Allah and His Prophet and whoever will refuse to do so, shall be secure for two months.
Note: Rifa'a had accepted Islam earlier. The Holy
Prophet (S.A.W.) gave him a letter and sent him as a preacher
to his tribe.
From Prophet Muhammad
To Banu Asad.
Peace be on you. I praise Allah, except Whom there is no god to be worshipped.
Thereafter, you have no right to take over the ownership of the wells and lands of Tai tribe. The use of their wells is not permissible (Halal) for you. Also none shall enter their lands, without their permission.
Whoever will not obey me, shall not be my responsibility.
Qaza'i bin Umar who is their administrator should manage this.
From Muhammad, Prophet of Allah
To the People of Aqaba
May peace be on you. I praise Allah who is one and except whom there is nobody else to be worshipped.
I do not intend to wage war against you till you receive my written reason for it. It is better for you, either to accept Islam or agree to pay Jiziya and consent to remain obedient to Allah, His prophet and his messengers. My messengers deserve honour. Treat them with respect. Whatever pleases my messengers, will also please me.
These people have been informed of the orders about Jiziya. If you desire that there should be peace and security in the world, obey Allah and His Prophet. Thereafter none in Arabia and Ajam (Iran) shall dare cast an evil eye on you. But the rights of Allah and His Prophet can at no time be waived.
If you do not accept these terms and set them aside, I do not need your presents and gifts. In that case, I shall have to wage war (to establish peace and security). Its result would be that the big ones shall be killed in war and the commoners shall be taken prisoners.
I assure you that I am a true Prophet of Allah. I believe in Allah, and His Books, and His Prophets and am of the faith that Maseeh (Messiah) son of Mariam (Mary), is a Prophet of Allah and His word.
Hurmala (R.A.A.) who brought to me 3 wasaq (about 6 quintals) of barley, recommended your case. Had it not been in compliance of the command of Allah and the good opinion of Hurmala for you, it would not have been necessary for me to correspond with you and instead of it, there would have been a war. If you will obey my messengers, you shall immediately have my support and the help and support of everyone who is attached to me.
My messengers are Shuraih-beel, Obaiy, Hurmala and Hurais (R.A.A.) and whatever decision they take in respect of you, shall be acceptable to me.
Your people are under the protection and responsibility of Allah and His Prophet.
Supply provisions to the Jews of Maqna, for their journey to their country.
If you accept obedience, may peace be on you.'
Note: As in the present day, Aqaba was an important port of the Red Sea. In ancient times also, due to its being an international trade centre, trade caravans to Palestine and African went through Aqaba and trade goods to the Coastal towns of the Red Sea also came from it. under the influence of the Romans, the local Arab tribes who ruled here, got converted to Christianity, but due to the oppressive behaviour of the Romans, the Arab tribes, living by the side of the Roman frontiers, got hostile to the Romans and wanted to be free.
During the time of the Holy Prophet (S.A.W.),
Yuhanna, a bishop, was the ruler of Aqaba. In the beginning he
was not prepared to befriend the Muslims. But seeing that Caesar
avoided facing the Muslims he came to the side of Islam. Subsequently
in the 9th Hijri 630 A.D. the Caesar wanted to invade
Medinah with a large army. The Holy Prophet (S.A.W.) however,
made up his mind to stem the tide of invasion in the country of
the enemies. He, therefore, moved his valiant companions to Tabuk,
where he waited for the Roman army for about 12 days. The Roman
army was highly frustrated by the courage of Muslims and quietly
dispersed without fighting. Yuhanna and other heads of the different
tribal states sent delegations and assurances of their obedience
to the Holy Prophet, who addressed the letter, given above. Yuhanna
himself went to the Holy Prophet (S.A.W.) and entered the sanctuary
of Islam.
From Muhammad, Prophet of Allah-
To Bani Janba and People of Maqna
Peace be on you. I have come to know that you are going to your villages. You will be in the security, when this writing reaches you. I have forgiven all your crimes. None shall be allowed to oppress you. For you is the guarantee of Allah and His Prophet. You shall be protected, just as we protect ourselves.
One fourth of the produce of datepalm gardens, Sea-Catch and the Yam Spun, is due from you. After its payment, you shall be exempt from Jizya and all kinds of free labour. If you will remain loyal, it shall be obligatory on us to honour your respectable people and to forgive all your past offences!
Towards the end of the holy letter, the following direction for the Muslims was written:
Whoever will treat the people of Maqna nicely, it shall be better for him and who ever will maltreat them, it shall be harmful for him.
A ruler for you, shall either be appointed from amongst you or from those connected with me
Note: The people of Maqna which is situated on
the Gulf Aqaba, were Jews. They sent a messenger to the Prophet
(S.A.W.) assuring him of their loyalty and requested for an injunction.
From Muhammad, Prophet of Allah
To the people of Azruh
These people are under the refuge and protection of Allah and his Prophet (S.A.W.) In every Rajab (7th month of the Islamic Calendar) one hundred dinars shall be payable by them. Allah shall be their custodian, in return for their goodwill and good turn to the faithful.
These people shall be in every sort of security unless informed otherwise by Muhammad (S.A.W.)'
From Muhammad, Prophet of Allah-
To Umair Zimaran
May peace be on you. I praise Allah, except whom there is none to be worshipped.
Thereafter; On return from Rome, I received the news about the acceptance of Islam by your tribe. Congratulations to the people of the Hamdan that Allah has honoured them with His guidance. Your people should make a declaration of Islam and that there is none to be worshipped except Allah and that Muhammad (S.A.W.) is His Prophet! Those who say their prayers and pay Zakat, shall be the responsibility of Allah and His Prophet. None shall be oppressed, or outraged. And whoever owns something, shall remain owner thereof.
It is not permissible for the Ahle bait (Kins) of the Prophet (S.A.W.) to accept any Charity. Malik bin Musara Ruhawi (R.A.) has delivered your message. I emphasise on you to treat him nicely. He is amongst the best people of his group'
Note: The above letter was sent on the occasion of
the receipt of the good news that as a result of the preaching
of Qais bin Malik who belonged to the Hamdan Tribe, the entire
tribe embraced Islam. Earlier Qais had presented himself to the
Holy Prophet (S.A.W.) and accepted Islam. He was deputed to preach
Islam to his tribe.
From Muhammad, Prophet of Allah-
To Khalid bin Waleed.
Peace be on you! I praise Allah except whom there is none to be worshipped.
Thereafter, received your letter, through your messenger, in which you have informed about the acceptance of Islam by Bani Al-Haris. I came to know that they have accepted the invitation which you took to them and that they testify that there is none to be worshipped except Allah, the One, who is without an associate and that Muhammad (S.A.W.) is His servant and Prophet.
Allah has honoured them with His guidance. Give them the good news about Paradise and frighten them from Hell.
After performing this work, come here and tell the people to send a deputation to me.
Note: The Holy Prophet (S.A.W.) had sent Khalid
bin Waleed (R.A.) to the Bani Haris tribe who lived in Yemen with
an invitation to embrace Islam. The entire tribe accepted Islam.
When Waleed conveyed the good news the Holy prophet (S.A.W.) wrote
to him the above letter.
From Muhammad, Prophet of Allah-
To Musailma Kazzab
Peace be on him, who follows guidance.
Land is that of Allah, Who makes, anyone of his men, whom He desires, its inheritor.
And good ending is for those who fear Allah'
Note: It has previously been mentioned that Hauza, the Governor of Yamama had written to the Holy Prophet (S.A.W.) that in case the Prophet was agreeable to include him in his government, he was ready to accept Islam. This demand was rejected by the Holy Prophet (S.A.W.). After the death of Hauza, Musailma succeeded him. Immediately thereafter he falsely declared himself a prophet and wrote to the Holy Prophet (S.A.W.) that he had been associated in the prophethood and therefore, half the country should be given to him. In reply the Holy Prophet (S.A.W.) had a verse of the Holy Quran from Surah A'raf written, translation of which appears above and had it sent to Musailma. Such a brief and yet so eloquent a reply, has no parallel.
Musailma was killed in a battle with Khalid bin
Waleed (R.A.A.), after the passing away of the Holy Prophet (S.A.W.).
From Muhammad, Prophet of Allah-
To M'uaz bin Jabal (R.A.)
May Peace be on you! I praise Allah the one. May Allah add to your recompense and calm your sad heart and give you endurance to thank Him.
As a matter of fact, our lives, our kith and kin and our property are merely a trust temporarily reposed in us from amongst the gifts of Allah. He benefits his servant by it, till he likes and when the fixed time comes, He takes it back.
The duty of a man is to thank Allah, when He bestows on him a munificence and when it is taken back, he should endure it with patience.
Your son was a good trust of Allah. He kept you blessed with him, till He liked. And when He desired He took him away from you, in return for a great recompense, provided you keep yourself contented with the will of Allah
Oh M'uaz (R.A.A.), if you show impatience you will lose. your recompense or reward with Allah. If you get to know, how much return and recompense has been granted to you for it, then this loss would appear very meagre in your eye.
The promise which Allah has made with the people who endure misfortune and pain with patience, shall be fully fulfilled in the life to come, The promise of Allah should reduce your grief. Whatever is destined to take place, must occur.
Note: M'uaz was an esteemed Companion of the Holy
Prophet (S.A.W.) who embraced Islam at the young age of 18.
He belonged to the Ansars. The Holy Prophet (S.A.W.) sent him
to educate the Muslims, in Yemen while there, his son died. On
that occasion the Holy Prophet (S.A.W.) wrote to him the above
letter of condolence, exhorting him to bear the loss patiently.
This writing of the Prophet of Allah, the Sustainer of the world is for the person who, due to some reason, enters a house at night or resides in a house and inflict harm. 0 Rahman! bestow goodness on him!
Thereafter! Between us and you, there is an extensiveness and room as regards rights. Therefore if you love someone and have a liking for him and do not distinguish between right and wrong and want to resort to force, and belie what is right, then you should know that the Book of Allah gives the right judgement between us and you. Says Allah the Sublime, "This is My Book, which speaks out what is right, as compared to yourself. We record, whatever you do and Our Angles, too keep it writing.
Therefore, let alone the person who has this writing of mine and flee to the idol-worshippers, or go to a person who associates someone else with the worship of Allah although there is none else worthy of worship except Allah. Everything except Him is perishable. In this world, His is the rule and to Him, all have to return (after death)."
''ThagHLaboon" "Ha Meem" They should not be helped. "Ha Meem 'Aen Seen Oaf'. The enemies of Allah get dispersed! The proof has already come from Allah. Nobody except Allah wields power and force! Therefore Allah Who is All-Knowing and All-Hearing, is enough to save you from their mischief! '
Note: Abu Dujana (R.A.) a brave and fearless warrior and a companion of the Holy Prophet (S.A.W.), came to him and related that one night when he lay down on his bed to sleep, he heard a horrible sound and saw something like lightning; and saw a shadow moving in the courtyard. He further mentioned that as he proceeded towards it, a flame leapt in his direction and he was afraid lest it should burn him. The Holy Prophet (S.A.W.) observed that it might have been a genie. He, therefore, had the above letter written, which Abu Dujana kept under his pillow and lay down. He heard somebody saying", Oh Abu Dujana, By Lat and Uzza 'you have burnt me. If you remove the writing from under your pillow, then by the writer of the letter, I shall never visit your house or your neighbourhood again." Abu Dujana related the incident to the Holy Prophet (S.A.W.) Who said, "Abu Dujana! Remove the writing otherwise, by the One Who has sent me as a Prophet, the community of genie shall remain in agony, till the Day of Judgement.
Bani Al Haris and Bani Nahad are the responsibility of Allah and His Prophet (S.A.W.). Neither shall they be ousted from their habitations nor Ushr taken from them, provided they continue to say their prayers, pay Zakat, live apart from infidels and declare their Islam.
Besides these, the protection of roads shall be included among their duties.
Note: Zul Ghussa Qais was a Chief of the Bani Nahad
Tribe.
Whoever from amongst these people accepts Islam, says prayers, pays Zakat remains obedient to Allah and His Prophet (S.A.W.), declares his Islam, keeps away from infidels and keeps paying the share of Allah and His Prophet from the benefits of holy wars, shall be in the protection of Allah and His Prophet (S.A.W.)
Whoever from amongst the Muslims, whom payment of a debt is due from somebody, shall receive the amount of the principal only and interest on the pawned amount shall not be admissible.
Zakat on fruits shall be one tenth of the produce.
Whoever will join these people, will have to abide by these injunctions.
From Muhammad, the Prophet of Allah-
To Bani Zuhair
If the people of Bani Zuhair bin Uqaish (a branch of Ukal Tribe), believe in Allah and His Prophet and have faith in them; say prayers, pay Zakat, keep away from infidels and accept the share of Allah and His Prophet in the benefits of holy wars; they shall be secure in the protection of Allah and His Prophet.
Note: The above letter was written on a parchment found with a person named Al Namir bin Taulab, who stated it contained the injunctions issued by the Holy Prophet (S.A.W.) to his tribe.
Immediately on receipt of this letter, send me Zamzam water.
Seal: Allah's Prophet Muhammad
Note: As already mentioned elsewhere, Sohail bin
'Amar was a bitter enemy of Islam and made highly inflammable
and virulent speeches against the Holy Prophet(S.A.W.). He was
the person who made peace with the Holy Prophet (S.A.W.) on behalf
of the Quraish on his own terms, after a considerable argumentation.
After the conquest of Mecca, he hid himself in his home and requested
his son Abu Jundal (R.A.) to have his life spared. An account
of the persecution, of Abu Jundal, who had embraced Islam, by
his father Sohail, appears elsewhere in this book. The Holy Prophet
(S.A.W.) generously forgave all his past faults. Sohail was so
moved by the limitless kindness of the Holy Prophet (S.A.W.),
that he sincerely embraced Islam and became one of the greatest
devotees of Islam. It is well known that none excelled him in
saying more prayers, or keeping more fasts and giving more charity.
The excess of prayers and fasts extremely emaciated him. As soon
as he received the above letter, he sent two water skins of Zamzam
Water to the Holy Prophet (S.A.W.)
In the name of Allah, the Compassionate, the Merciful.
0; the people of Khas'am, who live in jungle or villages and who in their dark days (before embracing Islam) committed murders, are forgiven.
Whoever from these people accepts Islam, will have to pay one twentieth of the produce of the land irrigated by springs and one tenth of the produce of rainfed lands. one tenth of the produce of rain fed lands.'
Note: The people of Khas'am tribe were agriculturists.
The Holy Prophet(S.A.W.) gave general amnesty to the criminals
of the tribe in the above letter.
I send Zamal bin 'Amr to his people. Whoever embraces Islam, is included in the group of Allah
And whoever refuses to accept Islam, there is a guarantee for his security too, for two months.'
Note: Zamal Bin 'Amr, presented himself to the Holy Prophet(S.A.W.) and embraced Islam. The Holy Prophet (S.A.W.) sent him with the above letter, to his people.
This writing is from Allah, the Sublime, the Great. He disclosed what is right through His Prophet (S.A.W.) and gave him an eloquent Book. 'Amr Bin Murra shall have complete authority over his land. He may graze his cattle, wherever he likes and may water them, provided he keeps paying the fixed Zakat in respect of his cattle. There is no Zakat on draught cattle.
Allah and all the Muslims testify this agreement.
Note: Amar Bin Murra belonged to Juhaina tribe
and owned some land. He had gone to perform Hajj, when one night
he saw in a dream, above Kaba a glare which clearly showed the
mountains of Medinah and Juhaina. He also heard somebody say "Darkness
has gone and light has appeared. The last of the Prophets has
come; Islam has appeared. Their idols have been shattered and
the period of friendship and love has begun." He woke much
perturbed. After sometime he came to know of the Holy Prophet
(S.A.W.) and went to him. The Holy Prophet (S.A.W.) informed him
of his prophethood and told him that Islam prohibited unlawful
murder, rioting and idolatry and enjoined on them to keep fasts
for a month in a year. He further affirmed that the person who
accepted these injunctions, would go to paradise and who refused
to do so would go to Hell. Amr immediately embraced Islam and
asked for permission to go to his tribe and preach Islam to them.
The people of his tribe except one, embraced Islam. On his return,
the Holy Prophet (S.A.W.) gave the above injunctions for the people
of his tribe.
From Muhammad, the Prophet of Allah-
To Muttarif bin Kahin-ul-Bahili
Whoever from your tribe will render cultivable any waste land, that land shall be his.
Such people shall owes as of Zakat a cow per 30 cows; a year old sheep per 40 sheep and one six year old camel per 50 camels.
The collectors of Zakat shall have no right to compel them to receive Zakat from them at any place, other than their meadows. All the people of the tribe are under the protection of Allah.
From Allah and Muhammad Prophet of Allah, this letter of peace is for Yuhanna, people of Ela, their scholars; for the boats and caravans which may be on sea and land. Those of the people of Syria Yemen and Seamen who may be with them are also included in this protection. For all of them is the guarantee of Allah and Muhammad, His Prophet! But whoever will violate this promise, shall not be under their protective responsibility.
The water of the wells, where these people stay, shall not be denied to anybody and they will not have a right to block any land or sea routes.
Note: The above injunctions were given by the
Holy Prophet (S.A.W.) to Yuhanna.
Muhammad, the Prophet of Allah, has conferred the ownership of Baite Habroon, Baite Aenoon, Al Martoom and Baite Ibraheem to Tarnim-ud-Dari and his companions. Whatever be therein, shall be theirs.
After them, their descendants shall be their owners.
Whoever will try to deprive them of this ownership, curse of Allah and His angels be on him.
Note: Tamimud-Dari, a Christian hermit of Palestine,
presented himself, along with a man of his tribe, to the Holy
Prophet (S.A.W.) and embraced Islam. He was so sure of the righteous
of Islam and its rapid spread, that he requested the Holy Prophet
(S.A.W.) to give the ownership deed, in respect of Baite Habroon,
etc., although at the time the Quraish had made life for the Holy
Prophet (S.A.W.) and his companion miserable and extremely difficult.
The Holy Prophet (S.A.W.) was gracious enough to comply with his
request. When the latter returned after the battle of Tabuk, Tamim-ud-Dari
again presented himself to the Prophet (S.A.W.) and requested
for the renewal of the deed. The above document was given in compliance
with the request.
From Muhammad, the Prophet
To Bani-al-Bakka
Whoever from you embraces Islam, says prayers, pays Zakat, remains obedient to Allah and His Prophet(S.A.W.) and his companions, pro-claims his Islam and severes connection with infidels, is under the security of Allah, the Sublime and Great and His Prophet (S.A.W.)
Note: A three-man deputation of Bani-al-Bakka,
including M'uavia bin Saur, presented itself to the Holy Prophet
(S.A.W.). Ibn Saur requested the Holy Prophet (S.A.W.) to bless
his son Bishr. The Prophet (S.A.W.) passed his hand over the face
of Bishr and prayed for their prosperity. It is stated that never
did the Tribe, which usually faced famines, had famine in their
area and were always prosperous, thereafter.
This certification of Muhammad, Prophet of Allah is for Rabi, Muttarif and Anas.
These people are given the land of Aqiq Valley. Till they continue to say prayers, pay Zakat and remain obedient to Allah and His Prophet (S.A.W.), they shall be entitled to receive benefit from the Aqiq valley.?
Note: A deputation of the Uqail Tribe presented
itself to the Holy Prophet (S.A.W.) and embraced Islam. The Holy
Prophet (S.A.W.) gave them a tract of land in Aqiq Valley. Another
delegation of Bani Uqail received a watering place named Nozaim.
This certification of Muhammad, Prophet of Allah is for Rabi, Muttarif and Anas.
These people are given the land of Aqiq Valley. Till they continue to say prayers, pay Zakat and remain obedient to Allah and His Prophet (S.A.W.) they shall be entitled to receive benefit from the Aqiq Valley.
From Muhammad, Prophet of Allah (S.A.W.)
To the People of Bariq
None shall pluck the fruits produced by the people of Bariq, except with their permission. It shall not be permissible to graze cattle in their meadows in any season of winter and summer. However, if any Muslim, not having a meadow, passes through their land with cattle for grazing them, it shall be the responsibility of the people of Bariq to entertain him for three days at the maximum. When fruits in their gardens ripen, a traveller shall be entitled to pick and eat as many fallen fruits can satisfy his hunger, but he shall not be entitled to carry the fruit with him.'
From Muhammad, the Prophet of Allah-
To Zur'a Zi Yazan
I declare that there is none to be worshipped except Allah and I am his servant and Prophet.
When my messengers Ma'az Bin Jabal, Abdullah Bin Zaid, Malik Bin Ibada, Aqaba Bin Nimr, Malik Bin Murara and Theri companions reach there, you should welcome them and hand over to them Zakat and Jiziya after collecting these.
Malik Bin Murara has reported to me that from amongst the Zumair Tribe, you have embraced Islam first of all, and that you have been fighting against the infidels. For this, I give you the good news of blessings and I impress upon you to do good to your subjects. Neither should they be treated dishonestly, nor their help withdrawn.
The Prophet of Allah must be obeyed by all, rich or poor. It is not permissible for him or any of his kin to accept charity. Zakat which is received, is for the indigent Muslims, and travelers and that its payment is meant to cleanse wealth.
The people whom I have sent to you, are good followers of mine, by virtue of their knowledge and actions. Therefore, they deserve your good treatment.
Peace be on you and kindness of Allah and His blessings.
From Muhammad, Prophet of Allah-
To Chiefs of Abahila
You should keep saying prayers and paying Zakat. It is obligatory and necessary for every one from whom Zakat is due, to pay Zakat on the cattle, which have been grazing in meadows for the major part of a year.
As regards Zakat, it is not right to cheat the collector in order to escape Zakat or get it reduced.
It is also your responsibility and obligation to help the Islamic army with provisions. And for every group of ten men, to provide a camel-load of grains is essential.
The person who hides his wealth shall be saving his money in this manner, he like a usurer who lives on interest.
Note: Due to the intensive efforts of Hazrat ALI, Mu'az Bin Jabal and Abu Musa (R.A.A.) whom the Holy Prophet (S.A.W.) had sent to Hadar Maut, the entire population of Yemen got converted to Islam. When Wa'il, a chief of Hadar Maut presented himself to the Holy Prophet, he blessed him and gave the above injunction for his people.
In another order the Holy Prophet (S.A.W.) stated
the rate of Zakat and punishment for lechery. Its text was as
follows:
From Muhammad, Prophet of Allah-
To Wa'il Bin Hujar
As you have embraced Islam, I, therefore, let all your property and forts remain in your ownership. You shall, as usual, own them all.
However, you will have to give one tenth of the produce ('Ushr). The decision regarding the division shall be jointly made by two judges. Steps will be taken to see that oppression of no sort is committed against you, till the establishment of the rule of the religion.
Allah's Prophet and all the Muslims are your helpers in this matter.
Note: Wa'il had complained to the Holy Prophet (S.A.W.)that
his relatives had illegally taken possession of his landed property.
The Holy Prophet(S.A.W.) promised to give him much more than
his demand and gave him the above orders. However, Wa'il was
soon fed up with the worldly pomp and preferred to the Holy Prophet
(S.A.W.) personally and was ultimately a prominent companion of
the Holy Prophet (S.A.W.). To those who grasp the real meaning
of this life, temporal glamour becomes meaningless.
From Muhammad, Prophet of Allah-
To Shuraihbeel and Haris, etc.
Your messenger reached here with Khums (one-fifth of the benefit of the Holy wars), sent by you.
Allah has fixed 'Ushr ' on the produce of rain fed land and fruits of gardens. But 'Ushr on fields and gardens which are irrigated, is half (20th part or 5%) provided in both the cases, the quantity of the produce comes to five wasaq (about two quintals of the present day).
The rate of Zakat on camels and goats is:
In the qisas of a woman, the murderer whether man or woman, shall be put to death.
This is the rate of compensation for the common men. A wealthy person will have to pay one thousand dinars, as compensation.'
Note: It has been mentioned elsewhere that the Holy
Prophet (S.A.W.) had sent 'Amar Bin Hazm Ansari as Governor of
Yemen. At that time he sent the above injunctions to his administrators
Shuraih-beel and Haris.
The place of Nimra and its means of irrigation and Wadi ArRahman in the jungle of Nimra, shall remain in his ownership.
Yazeed and after him, his successors shall be the chiefs of their tribe Bani Malik. Neither shall war be waged against them, nor shall they be ousted from their colonies.
Written by Mugheera Bin Sh'oba.'
Note: The above injunctions were issued to the delegation
of Bani Al-Haris which visited the Holy Prophet (S.A.W.) under
the leadership of Yazeed Al-Harisi.
Whoever from these people embraces Islam says prayers, pays Zakat, obeys His Prophet (S.A.W.), pays Khums to Allah and His Prophet (S.A.W.), out of the holy wars benefits and declares his Islam, is under the protection of Allah and His Prophet (S.A.W.). Whatever is with them at the time of the acceptance of Islam, shall be theirs. Up to whatever point the sheep reach while grazing, they shall be regarded as owners of the land up to that point.
This writing of Muhammad, Prophet of Allah is for Dhumaim Laisi.
The Prophet of Allah (S.A.W.) has set free from slavery, Dhumaira Laisi. Now he is absolutely free. If he desires to stay with the Prophet of Allah (S.A.W.) he can do so. And if wishes to go to his family, he can go there.
No person should interfere with him in any way except in so far as the rights of Allah and rights of men, are concerned. And whichever Muslim meets him, should treat Dhumaira nicely.
Note: Once the Holy Prophet (S.A.W.) found a woman
weeping. He stopped and inquired of her the reason of her grief
The woman informed him that her son was made a slave and sold.
She further stated that as he was the only support of her life,
she was weeping. The Holy Prophet (S.A.W.) was much moved by her
story. He immediately sent a person and purchased Dhumaira from
his master, set him free and issued the above orders.
Whichever person says prayers, is a momin (faithful) and whoever pays Zakat is a Muslim. And whoever affirms Oneness of Allah and believes in His Prophet, shall not be counted as a delinquent in the eyes of Allah.
You shall have full rights of the use of your meadows and none shall cut down your trees. Leniency shall be shown in the collection of Zakat from you, but sick, old cattle should not be given in Zakat.
Whoever will adhere to this promise, it shall be obligatory on the Holy Prophet (S.A.W.) to help him. And whoever will violate this promise it would be an excess on his part.
While in possession of cultivable lands, Abde Yaghoos Al-Harisi embraced Islam, those lands, all their things and datepalm gardens, etc., shall remain with him and the people of his tribe, who will obey and follow Abde Yaghoos.
Till these people continue to say their prayers, pay Zakat and pay Khums from the benefits of holy wars, neither 'ushr on the produce of their lands shall he charged, nor shall they be dispossessed of their lands.
The wealth and goods of these people, their slaves, wells, canals, villages, trees, the grass of jungle, which grows in Hadar Maut, shall be for the family of Zi-Marhab.
The canal with which these people carry out irrigation, and which flows up to Ale Qais, shall be theirs.
The produce of gardens which are pawned with them, shall be the right of the person who pawned them. The pawnee can not draw profit from the pawned thing. Allah and His Prophet (S.A.W.) shall have nothing to do with the one who contravenes this. It shall be obligatory on the Muslims to help the family of Zi-Marhab. It shall be imperative on the Muslims to save them from loss of life and property. Allah and His Prophet (S.A.W.) are their helpers.
From Muhammad, Prophet of Allah-
To Bani Jinab of the Kalb Tribe and his helpers.
It is obligatory on those who say their prayers, pay Zakat, keep their faith firm and exert themselves in fulfilling their promises, to give by way of Zakat one goat on every five goats, which are tended by a goat herd and a faultless she camel on 50 she camels, whose young ones die.
No Zakat shall be levied on load bearing animals on the land which is irrigated by canal, and half Ushr on the rain fed land is to be paid.
The cattle which stray into their area, shall be theirs. No more than the fixed amount shall be charged from them. Allah and His Prophet are responsible for this writing.
Note: A delegation of the Mehra Tribe went to
the Holy Prophet (S.A.W.) under the leadership of Mehri bin Abyad
and embraced Islam. The above injunctions were given to them on
that occasion.
From Muhammad, Prophet of Allah-
To 'Amir Bin Aswad Tai
The colonies, wells and springs of Amir and his tribe Tai, shall remain in their possession, provided they keep saying prayers and paying Zakat, and remain aloof from the infidels.
Written by Mugheera.'
The wealth, lands and residential property and wells of any person, who embraces Islam and says prayers, shall remain in his ownership. None of his articles shall be taken possession of Allah and His Prophet(S.A.W.) are responsible for this writing.
Note: The above two injunctions were issued by the
Holy Prophet (S.A.W.) to the two chiefs of the Tai tribes, when
they presented themselves to the Holy Prophet (S.A.W.), and requested
for the restoration of the rights of their property. The tribe
is well known throughout the world on account of Hatim Tai, whose
charity was boundless.
From Muhammad, Prophet of Allah-
To Bani Juwain
Whoever from Bani Juwain believes in Allah, says prayers, pays Zakat, keeps away from infidels, remains obedient to Allah and His Prophet, continues to pay the share of Allah and His Prophet and adheres firmly to Islam, every such person is the responsibility of Allah and His Prophet (S.A.W.).
The lands, wells and all those things which they possessed and used legally, shall remain in their ownership.
From Muhammad, Prophet of Allah
To Zubair Bin Awwam
I have granted the entire land of Shawaq to Zubair. None shall interfere with him.
Written by Ali (R.A.A.)
Note: Zubair (R.A.A.) was a cousin (son of his
father's sister) of the Holy Prophet (S.A.W.), and embraced Islam
at an early age of 16. The Holy Prophet used to say that every
prophet had Hawari (apostles) and that Zubair was his apostle.
He was the person who participated in all the holy wars. The Holy
Prophet (S.A.W.) granted him an estate, as in the above deed.
The Prophet of Allah (S.A.W.) has granted the land of ZilMarwah to Ausaja Bin Hurmala. This document is for the same. He (S.A.W.) has bestowed on him the entire piece of land from Balkasa to Musn'a and from Jafalat to the boundary of Jabal-e-Qibla. None shall interfere with him in this respect. Whoever disputes with him in the matter, shall not be in the right.
The people of Bani Jurmuz will have peace and security in their colonies. Whatever wealth and property they had at the time of the acceptance of Islam, shall remain in their ownership.
Written by Mugheera (R.A.A.)
This is the deed, which Prophet Muhammad (S.A.W.) has granted to Bani Shamakh of Juhaina Tribe. I have given to them the land of Sufaina, which they have marked and begun cultivation. None shall interfere with them.
Written by Aqaba(R.A.A.)
Saria and its high land have been given to Bani Al-Haris, provided they say prayers, give Zakat keep away from infidels, and remain faithful and obedient to Allah and His Prophet (S.A.W.)'
Al-Nahal, Juz'a, etc. have been given to Bilal ALMuzani. In addition, Al-Muzza and Ghaila are granted to them. The high and low lands of all these places shall be theirs. They shall also own the mines, which are situated in these lands, provided they adhere firmly to Islam.
Hiram Bin Abd is granted 'Izama and the part of Shawaq which is his, is allowed to remain with him. Neither shall anyone commit an oppression or excess on him in this respect, nor will these people be allowed to outrage or tyrannise others.
"Written by Khalid bin Sa'ed."
This document is an instrument by virtue thereof the Prophet of Allah (S.A.W.) has granted the datepalm garden of As-Swaraqia to Saeed Bin Sufyan As-R'ali. None shall question him in this regard.
"Written by Khalid Bin Saed."
By virtue of this deed, the Prophet (S.A.W.) has
granted land near the Mount of Marwa in Mecca for the construction
of a house, to Utba Bin Farqad. None shall interfere with him
in this respect.
"Written by M'uaviya"